OTD in History… January 11, 1775, Patriot Francis Salvador the first Jew elected joins the Provincial Congress of South Carolina
Dreaming of Equality: Francis Salvador, the American Jewish Revolutionary Patriot
By Bonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS
On this day in history January 11, 1775, Francis Salvador, the first Jew elected to a colonial public office begins his tenure on the revolutionary South Carolina Provincial Congress. Salvador was a recent immigrant to America having arrived in Charleston, South Carolina from London in 1773, a year later, he was elected to the South Carolina assembly becoming the first Jew elected to a political body in modern history, and then in 1775, he was reelected to Second Provincial Congress. Salvador became a Whig and supported the colonial revolt and then the fight for independence from Great Britain. Salvador made history again in on August 1, 1776, becoming the first Jewish casualty of the American Revolutionary War when a Cherokee native siding with the British killed and scalped him in battle.
Historian Samuel Rezneck indicates in his book Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, Salvador “is one of the best-known recorded examples of a Jew, who served the Revolution to the ultimate degree losing his life in it.” [1] While historian Abram Vossen Goodman in his essay “South Carolina from Shaftesbury to Salvador” highlights, that Francis Salvador “was the first Jew in American history, and probably the first Jew in the modern world, to serve in an elective office… His career was not so much a tribute to the man himself as it was a symbol of the atmosphere of goodwill which prevailed in South Carolina.” [2]
During the American Revolution, Francis Salvador was an exception among American Jews; he was part of the policy-making process in forming the new nation and also fought for its independence. Salvador was not in the colonies long but he loved the colony he lived and the freedoms it allowed him. Salvador served in South Carolina’s two Provincial Congresses in 1775 and 1776 and in the local militia before he was killed in battle not even a month after the thirteen colonies declared independence. Rezneck recounts, “A special case of Jewish military service ran its full course early in the Revolution and it’s unusual in its political respects as well, illustrating the remarkable circumstances in which individual Jews might find themselves.” Francis Salvador “is one of the best-known recorded examples of a Jew who served the Revolution to the ultimate degree of losing his life in it.” [3]
Salvador was born in London, England in 1747, with the synagogue name, Daniel Jezurun Rodriquez, the family’s name, although they adopted Salvador which means savior. [4] Francis came from a long line where the family pushed the boundaries and limits the government had imposed on Jews. Sachar notes, “Francis Salvador was the grandson of the first Jewish director of the British East India Company.” [5] The Salvador family escaped the inquisition in Portugal immigrating to Holland before moving on to Britain in the seventeenth century. [6] According to Maurice Woolf in his article “Joseph Salvador 1716–1786,” the first record of the Salvador family in England is in “El Libro de los Acuerdos” from the Creechurch Lane Synagogue recording a “Jahacob Salvador, foreigner” paid a pound synagogue tax. Jacob Salvador was Francis’ great-grandfather and he came from Holland to set up a business in London on Lime Street.
Joseph Salvador was highly respected in the Jewish community and English Society, Leon Huhner notes in his article, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” “Jacob Salvador, ranked among the foremost in England, and its members were numbered among the merchant princes of that country.” [7] His grandfather Francis Salvador served as the President of the Portuguese Congregation of London and he was the Director of the East India Company.
After Jacob died in 1736, his son, Francis (Daniel), Francis’ grandfather took over the business with most of the estate remaining in trust. Salvador’s family was wealthy and part of the British Jewish community’s elite. Francis and his son Joseph were merchants active in trade with Spain and Portugal and illegal trade to Jamaica and “the Spanish Main.” They also worked as the “London Factors” of the Cadiz merchants. In 1749, the Salvador brothers began a business of trading, but Jacob Salvador, Francis’s father died later in the year, at only 21-years-old leaving an estate of £ 40,000. Joseph continued the business with his father until he died in 1754, where he inherited the business and £8,500 in East India stock. Joseph also exported coral and imported diamonds, precious stones, and silver for the East India Company. [8]
Joseph Salvador was also a leader of Britain’s Sephardic community; in 1746, he became the Parnas in the Beavis Marks Synagogue and he was elected to the post again in 1751, 1755, and 1765. He was involved in the establishment of the Beth Holim, Jewish hospital. Joseph also served as an ambassador for the community; he was responsible for thanking in a letter the Swedish King and Senate for inviting Portuguese Jews to move to Sweden. Joseph lobbied for the passage of the Jew Bill of 1753, which would have granted greater freedoms to foreign-born Jews. Joseph sent a letter to the Duke of Newcastle on January 14, where “outlines seven reasons why the bill should be enacted.”
Joseph was a well-known advocate for the bill and he was suspected to be the author of a pamphlet entitled, “Considerations on the Bill to permit persons professing the Jewish Religion to be Naturalised by Parliament. In several letters from a merchant in town to his friend in the country.” Joseph was speculated to also be the author of a second pamphlet “Further considerations, etc.” Both pamphlets were signed “Philo Patriae” and were meant to appear as if they were written by a Christian but references to the Sephardic prayer book, and biographical anecdotes mentioning the Salvador family increased speculation Joseph was behind the pamphlets. Woolf notes, the “passages bear unmistakably the personal imprint of special pleading.” [9]
The Salvador family was so wealthy Joseph loaned money to the British government. Joseph arranged for seven members of the Jewish community to have a personal audience with King George III when he ascended to the throne. The community “appointed seven delegates to offer the respects of the Portuguese nation to His Majesty.” The Jewish community chose Joseph to be the chairman of the delegates, and he was able to be received by the King’s Chamberlain, the Duke of Devonshire, and get an audience in front of the Committee to the King. Huhner indicates, “The family was beyond doubt the most distinguished in the congregation.” [10]
Francis Salvador’s father died when he was still an infant and when his brother Moses had not yet been born; they still lived a privileged life. Francis grew up in the family’s wealth and privilege with tutors educating him and he traveled extensively, especially through France. Chief Justice Drayton remarked, “He was liberally educated by a private tutor and by the best masters, and was taught those accomplishments suitable to his wealth and rank in life.” [11] Salvador was more educated than any other Jewish Patriot. Francis and his brother each inherited £60,000 from his father, which he received when he “became of age.” [12]
Francis married his Uncle Joseph’s fourth daughter Sarah when he was twenty, obtaining a £13,000 dowry; they went on to have three children, a son John Lovel Salvador, and three daughters. Francis joined his uncle working as a merchant and lived “at Twickenham, near his mother and step-father, Abraham Prado.” [13] In 1755, the Salvadors took a financial hit after the earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal and when the East India Company failed. All the Salvadors had left with was their land holdings in South Carolina. Francis Salvador’s uncle sent him to the new world to save the family fortunes; instead, he made his mark on American and Jewish history.
Francis Salvador was one of the few Jews made a political contribution in deliberations for American independence. In 1774 and 1776, he was elected to South Carolina’s First and Second Provincial Congress despite Jews in the colony not yet being “incorporated.” Salvador’s contribution was great, Historian Eli Faber notes, “He served on several of the congresses’ committees, helped to draft South Carolina’s first state constitution (which required a Christian oath to vote and serve in office), sat in the new state legislature after independence had been declared, and lost his life in battle against a Tory force.” [14]
His uncle and father-in-law, Joseph loaned him the land in South Carolina which was in “District 96 on the South Carolina frontier.”[15] Joseph mortgaged Francis 5,000 acres of his land in South Carolina and 1773; he went over to America to try out his fortunes. In 1773, Francis was only twenty-six-years-old when he left his wife and children took the trip across the Atlantic to American colonies. The family was in financial troubles and Francis was supposed to work the land for a financial gain and restore the family’s fortunes.[16] According to James Picciotto’s 1875 study, Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, Salvador went to South Carolina wrote one letter home, and never wrote again to his family. Picciotto recounted, “He never wrote again, a long silence ensued, and then it was reported that the unhappy man had been murdered and scalped by Indians.” [17] Salvador did not have enough money to make the trip, his cousin, Mrs. Mendes da Costa gave Salvador “a part of her marriage settlement” to pay for his journey and settlement.[18]
Francis turned the land into a successful indigo plantation. In 1774, he settled in Coroneka, Cornacre with a friend Richard A. Rapley. Salvador bought slaves to work the land and plantation. Salvador planned to take his wife and children to South Carolina to live but the American Revolution came in the way. Historian Howard Sachar recounts, “Francis Salvador was also the son-in-law of the absentee owner of one hundred thousand acres of prime South Carolina soil. Dispatched to America in 1766 to care for this estate, Salvador transformed the plantation into a model of enlightened agriculture and achieved recognition as one of South Carolina’s pre-eminent citizens.” [19]
Francis’s uncle influenced him with his political advocacy for the Jew Bill and his association with various members of Parliament and “familiarity” with cabinet ministers. This political exposure most likely affected his decision to get involved in colonial politics and the drive for independence. His uncle Joseph as other British Jews did not have the luxury of participating directly with politics because Jews were not allowed legally. In some American colonies, Jews had the freedom to run for office and Francis Salvador appreciated this as other Jews but more so because of his uncle. Historian Fritz Hirschfeld called Francis Salvador, “an ambitious young fortune seeker.” [20] Soon Francis used his financial success to gain access to the political elite in South Carolina these were Patriots who objected to Britain’s oppressive policies imposed on the colonies.
The Congress, South Carolina’s revolutionary government began when South Carolina’s leading figures as other colonies were upset with Britain issuing the intolerable acts. As Hirschfeld recounts, “Most low country planters became increasingly agitated during the 1760s as Parliament sought to tighten its economic grip on the American colonies. Like most colonial legislatures, the South Carolina Commons was concerned that its legislative power was being usurped by Parliament.” [21] At a July 6, 1774, general meeting they voted to send five delegates to the First Continental Congress and created a committee of 99 to govern the colony since they did not have a Royal Governor, and William Bull, Jr. serving as acting governor.
By 1774, Salvador was already a member of the South Carolina general assembly, the first practicing Jew elected. Joseph Solomon Ottolenghi was the first Jew elected to a general assembly in Georgia in 1761 and remained a representative until 1765; however, he converted to Christianity. [22] In November 1774, they set up elections for a provincial Congress, which were held on December 19, 1774. Salvador was elected as one of the 184 representatives of the South Carolina Provincial Congress, which convened on January 11, 1775. Despite being Jewish and not being legally allowed to be elected to public office, no one objected to Salvador’s election. Salvador was elected along with his friend, Rapley, and others to represent the Ninety-Six District in the Provincial Congress.[23] Representing the Ninety-Six district were Le Hammond, Patrick Calhoun, John Louis Gervais, Edward Rutledge, and Salvador. [24]
The Congress only required the president to swear on the Protestant Christian Bible. Salvador worked on four committees while in the Provincial Congress. Two were policy-making committees drafting the Congress’ declaration of purpose and the new state constitution. The other two committees were responsible for preparing for battle, stockpiling munitions, and ensuring the frontier’s safety. [25] The Congress elected an Executive Council of Safety with Henry Laurens the President of the Council, essentially serving the role of governor while the Congress elected Charles Pinckney, the President of the First Session of the First Provincial Congress. Early on the Congress resolved to prepare militia to fight, “That it be recommended by this Congress, to all inhabitants of this colony, that they be diligently attentive in learning the use of arms; and that their officers be requested to train and exercise them at least once a fortnight.” [26]
On June 4, 1775, “the First Provincial Congress adopted the American Bill of Rights and the Articles of Confederation.” [27] The Provincial Congress drafted a Bill of Rights for their colony and wrote a letter to South Carolina’s royal governor with the colony’s complaints against the King and British Government. In the Bill of Rights, the Congress stated, “That were entitled to life, liberty and property, and that they never ceded to any sovereign power whatever a right dispose of either without their constraint.” [28] The Congress also wrote a resolution supporting Massachusetts. The King refused to recognize the Congress and the official response to their complaints suggested the rebels arm themselves, “The members who took part in this Congress certainly ran grave chances of arrest for treason and confiscation of property.” [29]
Francis Salvador worked with the Congress on establishing the state’s first constitution. Salvador would also be elected to the state’s first General assembly.[30] Historian Samuel Rezneck points out in his book, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, “Salvador was thus the first and only Jew to be a member of the state legislature and to play a quasi-policy making role in the revolution.” [31] Salvador befriended the revolutionary elite; he was acquainted and knew many of the Revolutionary leaders in South Carolina. Among them, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Rutledge, William Henry Drayton, Henry Laurens, and Samuel Hammond. [32] One of the committees Salvador served on was “responsible for the enforcement of the Continental Association.”[33] Huhner believed that Salvador’s appointment to committees shows he was influential. On February 17, 1775, the Congress observed, “a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer before Almighty God devoutly to petition him to inspire the King with true wisdom, to defend the people of North America in their just title to freedom and to avert the impending calamities of civil war.”[34]
Safety on the frontier was an important issue that plagued the Congress. The Loyalists antagonized the Patriots. After April 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, and the commencement of military hostility between Britain and the Patriots the situation became worse. The South had more Loyalists than the North; the committee Salvador belonged to tried to minimize hostilities between the two groups. On the South Carolina frontier between “the Broad and the Saluda rivers” Loyalists refused to agree to the rules of the Provincial Congress, the Association, or obey the orders of the Continental Congress or the Council of Safety. On September 16, 1775, the Loyalists and Patriots met and agreed that the Tories should not aide the British; if not there would be “severe punishment.” The agreement ended with “Done in Camp, near Ninety Six this 16th day of September 1775.” Salvador acted as a witness for the Patriots; six Tories signed it, along with William Henry Drayton, who represented the Committee of Safety. [35]
In 1775, Salvador was voted to join a committee to “enquire into the state of the interior parts of the colony lately in commotion.” Salvador’s duties were to convince the Tories and Loyalists in the North and Western parts of the colony to support the American cause.[36] In July 1775, as part of his duties on the committee, Salvador accompanied evangelist William Tennant to North Carolina to “persuade some Tories to join the Revolution.”[37] Tenant along with Salvador tried to convince the Tories, “They were fighting not against, but for their country.” Tenant’s letter to Congress recounted one of his sermons in Boonesborough where he mentioned Salvador, writing, “In my efforts, I was ably seconded by Mr. Salvador.” [38]
In November 1775, when the Second Provincial Congress met, Salvador took on more of a leadership position and supported the colonies declaring independence. Salvador tried to convince the Congress to direct the delegation to the Continental Congress for South Carolina to vote for independence. Salvador’s greatest leadership contribution was chairing the Second Congress’ Ways and Means Committee “a select committee authorized to issue bills of credit as payment to members of the militia.” [39] Huhner recounts, “From the records of that historic assembly, we can plainly see the great confidence reposed by his colleagues in his ability, his judgment, and his fidelity.”[40]
On February 6, 1776, the Congress again appointed Salvador to the committee on Safety with Salvador Major Pinckney, Colonel Richardson, Col. Gervais, and Col. Thomas. The committee was required “to inquire into the state of the interior parts of the colony — to consider what means are proper to be pursued to preserve the peace and secure the safety, and to prevent future commotions therein, and also to consider the cases of the State prisoners.” On February 21, Salvador presented the committee’s report to the Congress. [41] The Congress appointed Salvador along with Pinckney, Middleton, and Ralph Izard to a committee to investigate William “Bloody Bill” Cunningham a Patriot deserter. In July 1776, Salvador wrote about Cunningham, “On the last accounts from town that Cunningham and his companions were set at liberty, we were near having a mutiny in camp.”[42]
As the chairman of the powerful Ways and Means Committee, Salvador worked with some of the “prominent patriots” in the Congress. Salvador was also responsible for presenting the committee’s report to Congress. Among the monetary allocations was seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds to the Committee of Safety to protect Patriots and military preparedness. [43] As the committee chair, Salvador influenced the decisions of the Congress. They wanted to pay the president and commander-in-chief ten thousand pounds a year, Salvador opposed the measure and it was defeated in a 27 to 25 vote. Salvador was part of the committee responsible for funding the militia, “With all possible dispatch to stamp and any three of them to sign, and when stamped, signed and numbered, from time to time to deliver to the Colony Treasurers, bills amounting to 120,000 pounds for paying the army.” [44]
In March 1776, the Second Provincial Congress met for another session and Salvador remained actively part of the Congress. He was often associated with fellow representatives; “Middleton, De Saussure, Elias Horry, Bull, Locock, and Raply.” [45] The Congress appointed Salvador to be part of a committee responsible for choosing magistrates. Huhner recounts, “On March 29, 1776, Col. Charles Pinckney, Col. Daniel Horry and Mr. Salvador were appointed to ‘a committee to inquire and report the names of proper persons to be appointed Magistrates in the different districts of the Colony.’”[46] The Congress’ record indicates:
“As this house is of opinion that the said ordinance being a matter of importance requires several great alterations to be made thereto, we do therefore propose that a conference should be held on the same, to sit without delay, and request, you will please to appoint a committee to meet a committee of this house on this business. Our committee are, the Hon. Col. Pinckney, and the Hon. Mr. Bee…. that Col. Pinckney, the Hon. Mr. Drayton, Mr. Salvador and Mr. Matthews be a committee to confer with the committee of the legislative council.” [47]
[1] Samuel Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, (Westport: Conn: Greenwood Press, 1975), 23.
[2] Abram Vossen Goodman, “South Carolina from Shaftesbury to Salvador,” Leonard Dinnerstein and Mary D. Palsson, Jews in the South, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1973), 41.
[3] Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 23.
[4] Ibid., Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 23.
[5] Sachar, A History of the Jews in America,
[6] “Francis Salvador.” Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/francis-salvador
[7] Leon Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War.” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, no. 9, 1901, pp. 107–122. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43058849, 108.
[8] Maurice Woolf, “Joseph Salvador 1716–1786.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England), vol. 21, 1962, pp. 104–137. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29777993.
[9] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”
[10] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 108.
[11] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 109–110;
John Drayton, Memoirs of the American Revolution, (Charlestown: Printed by A.E. Miller, 1821), 348.
[12] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 109–110;
John Drayton, Memoirs of the American Revolution, 348.
[13] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 110.
[14] Eli Faber, “America’s Earliest Jewish Settlers, 1654–1820,” Marc L. Raphael, The Columbia History of Jews and Judaism in America, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 37.
[15] Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 23.
[16] Ibid., Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 23; Drayton, Memoirs of the American Revolution, 347–348.
[17] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 110.
[18] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 110.
[19] Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America, (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
[20] Hirschfeld, George Washington and the Jews, 92.
[21] Ibid., Hirschfeld, George Washington and the Jews, 92.
[22] B. H. Levy, “Joseph Solomon Ottolenghi Kosher Butcher in Italy — Christian Missionary in Georgia.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 2, 1982, pp. 119–144. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40580888.
[23] Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution,
[24] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 113.
[25] William Pencak, Jews and Gentiles in Early America: 1654–1800, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005); 123–125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Salvador
[26] https://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/sc_revolution_provincial_government.html
[27] http://www.carolana.com/SC/Revolution/sc_revolution_provincial_government.html
[28] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 113.
[29] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 114.
[30] Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 24.
[31] Ibid., Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 24.
[32] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”; Cyrus Adler, L. “Salvador, Francis”. JewishEncyclopedia.com. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Salvador
[33] Rezneck, Unrecognized Patriots: The Jews in the American Revolution, 24.
[34] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 114.
[35] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 114.
[36] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Salvador
[37] Arthur Hertzberg, The Jews in America: Four Centuries of an Uneasy Encounter: a History, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 50.
[38] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”
[39] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”
[40] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”
[41] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 116.
[42] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 120.
[43] Ibid., Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 116.
[44] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 115.
[45] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 118.
[46] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,”
[47] Hühner, “FRANCIS SALVADOR, A Prominent Patriot of the Revolutionary War,” 117.
About the Author
Bonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS is a Professional Librarian (CBPQ) and historian. She is the author of Silver Boom! The Rise and Decline of Leadville, Colorado as the United States Silver Capital, 1860–1896, The Mysterious Prince of the Confederacy: Judah P. Benjamin and the Jewish goal of whiteness in the South, We Used to be Friends? The Long Complicated History of Jews, Blacks, and Anti-Semitism, and the viral article, “OTD in History… October 19, 1796, Alexander Hamilton accuses Thomas Jefferson of having an affair with his slave creating a 200-year-old controversy over Sally Hemings.”
Ms. Goodman has a BA in History and Art History, and a Masters in Library and Information Studies both from McGill University has done graduate work in Jewish history at Concordia University as part of the MA in Judaic Studies, where she focused Medieval and Modern Judaism. Her research area is North American Jewish history, particularly American Jewish history, and her thesis was entitled, “Unconditional Loyalty to the Cause: Southern Whiteness, Jewish Women, and Antisemitism, 1860–1913.”
Ms. Goodman contributed the overviews and chronologies to the “History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008,” edited by Gil Troy, Arthur M. Schlesinger, and Fred L. Israel (2012). She is the former Features Editor at the History News Network and reporter at Examiner.com, where she covered politics, universities, religion, and news. She currently blogs at Medium, where she was a top writer in history and regularly writes on “On This Day in History (#OTD in #History)” Feature and on the Times of Israel. Her scholarly articles can be found on Academia.edu. She has over a dozen years of experience in education and political journalism.
